��ࡱ�>�� su��r��]� ��Mbjbjzqzq :~/\/\�D�� (((8`$��(�-�(((((%-------$0��2R+----+-((�@-��-F((-�--��+|�,(��M�4��sF,<�,V-0�-W,Z3�3$�,3�,@--�-----+-+-�---�-----��3---------� >�: Unit 4/Week 2 Title: American Slave, American Hero Suggested Time: 5 days (45 minutes per day) Common Core ELA Standards: RI.5.1, RI.5.2, RI.5.3; W.5.2, W.5.4, W.5.7, W.5.9; SL.5.1, SL.5.2, SL.5.4, SL.5.5; L.5.1, L.5.2 Teacher Instructions Before Teaching Read the Big Ideas and Key Understandings and the Synopsis. Please do not read this to the students. This is a description for teachers, about the big ideas and key understanding that students should take away after completing this task. Big Ideas and Key Understandings Clark�s servant, York, played an important role in the success of the group�s expedition. Synopsis The Lewis and Clark expedition explored unmapped territory from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean from 1804-1806. The expedition was hugely successful in large part because of the skills and expertise of York, an enslaved person. Though the expedition team was celebrated and richly rewarded, York received neither recognition nor compensation. It wasn�t until 2001, that York�s achievements were finally honored when President Clinton promoted him to the rank of honorary sergeant, Regular Army. Read entire main selection text, keeping in mind the Big Ideas and Key Understandings. Re-read the main selection text while noting the stopping points for the Text Dependent Questions and teaching Vocabulary. During Teaching Students read the entire main selection text independently. Teacher reads the main selection text aloud with students following along. (Depending on how complex the text is and the amount of support needed by students, the teacher may choose to reverse the order of steps 1 and 2.) Students and teacher re-read the text while stopping to respond to and discuss the questions and returning to the text. A variety of methods can be used to structure the reading and discussion (i.e.: whole class discussion, think-pair-share, independent written response, group work, etc.) Text Dependent Questions Text-dependent QuestionsEvidence-based AnswersOn page 424, how does the author convey how different and challenging this trip will be?The author conveys how difficult and challenging this trip will be by stating how well supplied the expedition was. There was �one large keelboat and two smaller flat bottomed pirogues were heavily loaded with food, clothing, tools, weapons, gunpowder, and lead for bullets. They also brought items such as beads, scissors, combs, knives, and other items to trade with Indians.� There were two smaller boats loaded down with food that they must be planning a very long trip and they might not be able to find food. The fact that there are taking weapons and gunpowder must mean that they anticipate having to either hunt for food when they run out or need to protect themselves from dangers; hostile people, threatening animals... And the fact that they are bringing things to trade must mean that they will be good for so long that they might need to purchase more items to survive.On page 425, the author states, �Lewis and Clark, as well as other members of the Corps, kept journals. �How do the journals of Lewis and Clark help us understand York�s role in this expedition? According to the author on page 425, �On June 5, 1804, Clark wrote, �my Servent York, Swam to the Sand bar to geather greens for our�Dinner�� When Sergeant Charles Floyd became ill, Clark wrote,� that of all the men, York was especially helpful.� (p. 428) When searching for Clark after a storm, Clark later wrote that York was �greatly agitated for our wellfar.� (p. 429) Because of his black skin, the Shoshone gave York the name, �Big medicine.� And the Nez Perce �gave him a special name that meant, �Black Indian.� (p. 430) These quotes help us to understand that York played an important role on the expedition. He was able to find fresh greens for the men to eat and he also helped take care of an ill sergeant. How did York provide for the group?As one of the boatmen, York would struggle to free a boat when it became stuck on a sandbar. (p. 425) In late October, York and the other men labored for several days, felling trees and building a small fort.� (p. 425) �On December 8, Clark, York, and fourteen other men killed a deer and eight bison.� (p. 426) �After struggling against river currents for many hundreds of miles, York and the other paddlers were now happy to be carried downstream toward their goal, the Pacific Ocean.� (p. 431) Citing evidence from the text, what effect did York�s skin color have on the people he interacted with? The white explorers valued York�s contribution to the expedition. York participated �in the discussion and a vote on where they would build a fort for the winter. York�s vote was recorded more than sixty years before slavery ended in the United States and freed slaves could vote.� (p.. 432) According to the author, Clark named a river that flowed into the Yellowstone for York. � �In 1805, he had named a cluster of islands in the Missouri, �York�s Eight Islands.� (p. 434) The color of his skin didn't seem to matter to the white men on the expedition because he was afforded some of the same rights as white people had which was highly unusual at this time in history. They treated him as an equal despite the color of his skin. The Indians were curious about York. Clark wrote, �Those Indians were much astonished at my Servant, They never saw a black man before, all flocked around him & examined. Him from top to toe.� The natives were quite curious and impressed by his color. They treated him like a warrior. After the expedition was over, York wasn�t recognized for his achievements. �Because he was a slave, he received nothing.� 9p.436) As a slave, York had no rights. When �York asked for permission to work back home near his wife, Clark refused.� York was beaten by Clark because after visiting his wife and being forced to leave her, �York�s attitude upset Clark.� Later on, after the expedition was over, the color of his skin lowered his status and the status he had experienced on the expedition no longer mattered.Using evidence from the text, explain how York�s presence helped the relationships between the explorers and the various Indian tribes they encountered. Though initially brought as a laborer, York�s role also developed into good relationships with the Indians they encountered. On page 426, though the Arikara were friendly and pleased with the gifts Lewis and Clark gave them, �it was York, however, who most delighted and fascinated the Arikara men, women, and children. Because they were so intrigued by York it put the tribe members at ease and made it easier for the explorers to interact with them.What evidence does the author provide on page 428 to show why Sacajawea joined the expedition?The author states, �Because she spoke the Shoshone language, Lewis and Clark hoped that she could help them trade with that tribe for horses, which they would need to cross the Rocky Mountains.According to the passage, what dangers and hardships did the Corp of Discovery face while moving along the Missouri River?On pages 428 and 429, they faced dangers from rattlesnakes and grizzly bears. Sometimes York and the other men had to jump in the cold water to tow the boats. The explorers discovered that five waterfalls and miles of rapids lay ahead. They labored for many days, hauling the heavy dugout canoes and tons of cargo a distance of eighteen miles around the falls. They limped on feet made sore by cactus spines that pierced their moccasins. On June 29, a sudden storm caught many of the men out on the treeless plain. Hit by hailstones, some were bruised and bleeding.Page 430, what does the author mean when he says that the Shoshone Indians thought York was �big medicine�.York was respected �Among the Shoshone and some other western tribes, men who have fought well in battle blackened their faces with charcoal. Since York was all black, he was considered a great warrior, more powerful than his white companions.How did York�s presence influence how the explorers were treated by the Nez Perce Indians?On page 430, The explorers met the Nez Perce Indians who were digging edible lily roots on the prairie. The Nez Perce befriended the hungry travelers and agreed to care for their horses. They also gave York a special name that meant, �black Indian,� showing their respect and feeling of kinship with York. Without York, the explorers might not have received help so easily. York�s presence ensured that the explorers got good and care.How did York contribute to the success of the trip down the Clearwater River? (p. 431)According to the author, York contributed greatly to the success of the trip �Because York could swim, he was probably among those chosen to paddle the canoes through the most dangerous rapids, while the men who couldn�t swim, walked along the shore.� This means that without York the explorers might not have received help so easily. York's presence ensured that the explorers got food and care.On page 432, why was York allowed to vote on where to build a fort when as a slave he did not have the right to do so? Why does the author include this information? How does it help the reader understand the relationship between York and the explorers?According to the text (p. 432), York was allowed to vote because �Day after day they [York and Sacagawea] had proved their value to the expedition�s success.� The author included this information to show how the other explorers respected York and valued his contributions to the expedition. York and the other explorers had a great relationship with each other because in the passage the author writes, �The fact that he was a black slave and she was a woman did not matter to the others.�On page 432, how do we know that York was injured? The passage states that Clark wrote that York was �very unwell from a violent Cold and Strain by Carrying meet from the woods and lifting the heavy logs on the works.�How does York continue to prove his worth and contribute to the success of the trip? On pages 432 and 433, the author gives more details about York�s contribution to the expedition. During the winter by the Pacific, York often went hunting, especially for elk. From the elk skins, York and the others made clothes and many pairs of moccasins, which they would need on their journey home. Sleep was interrupted by biting fleas, which infested their blankets and robes.� Clark wrote of �having my blankets Searched and the fleas killed every day.� It was probably York, his servant, who went flea hunting!Why did Clark name a cluster of islands after York? Why is this significant? Clark named a river that flowed into the Yellowstone for York. (p. 434). In 1805, he had named a cluster of islands in the Missouri �York�s Eight Islands� as a way of honoring York for his contributions to the expedition. This was significant because he was an enslaved person who normally would not be honored in that way, so Clark must have greatly appreciated what York had done on that trip.What evidence does the author provide on page 434 to show Clark�s admiration for York. Clark named a river that flowed into the Yellowstone for York. In 1805, he had named a cluster of islands in the Missouri �York�s Eight Islands.�On page 435, what type of responses did the members of the expedition, including York received? Cheering crowds greeted the explorers when they reached the river town of St. Louis. The expedition�s return was celebrated at dinner parties, first in St. Louis and later in Washington and other cities. Everyone praised Lewis and Clark�s leadership, but all members of the Corps of Discovery � including York � were hailed as national heroes.What was the reason given by the author why the men of the expedition, except York, were rewarded with double pay and many acres of land? According to the author, York received nothing because he was an e The text provides proof that after the expedition, because he was a slave, �he had no choice but to settle in St. Louis with William Clark when his master began working there for the government..� (p. 436) Other examples that York and Clark�s relationship changed was when York asked Clark for permission to work back home, near his wife. Clark refused, but allowed York to visit her for a few weeks. When York�s attitude upset Clark, he wrote to his brother, �I gave him a severe trouncing the other Day.� Later, Clark sent an unwilling York to work driving a freight wagon for the Clark family in Kentucky. �The owners of York�s wife moved to Mississippi where York probably never saw his wife again.� enslaved person.Why was York successful on the expedition, but not in society after becoming freed? (p.436) York was hard working, smart and helpful. These were some of the characteristics that made him successful on the expedition. According to the author, York was not successful in the freight-hauling business because �white farmers and businessmen of those times did not often hire freed slaves.� The author concludes that York �was both a slave and an American hero. What evidence does the author cite in the last paragraph to support his conclusion?In the last paragraph, the authors states that, �Like the other explorers, York endured extreme heat and cold, suffered injuries and illness, risked his life many times, and contributed to the success of an expedition that is still considered the greatest in United States history Vocabulary KEY WORDS ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTANDING WORDS WORTH KNOWING TEACHER PROVIDES DEFINITION not enough contextual clues provided in the textPage 425 � accurate Page 425 � bison Page 425 � edible Page 426 � astonished Page 428 � hewn Page 429 � rapids Page 429 � current Page 430 � dwindled Page 436 � trouncing Page 437 - hailedPage 424 � pirogues Page 424 � corps Page 433 � missions Page 433 � cargo Page 433 - military STUDENTS FIGURE OUT THE MEANING sufficient context clues are provided in the text Page 425 � expedition Page 426- unexplainable Page 431 - explorers Page 425 � uprooted Page 426 � extraordinary Page 429 � hailstones Page 432 � fort Page 432 � majority Page 432 - elk Culminating Task Re-Read, Think, Discuss, Write Describe York�s role in the expedition and cite evidence from the text that proves that he was a valuable member of the expedition. Use a T-Chart to organize your notes. Sample: WHAT YORK DIDHOW IT CONTRIBUTED TO YORK�S VALUE AS A MEMBER OF THE EXPEDITIONSwam in the sand bar to gather greensThis helped the men eat healthier.Helped care for Sergeant FloydYork was trusted to care for the sergeant when he was ill.Killed deer and bisonYork helped feed the group during the winter. Answer: As an enslaved person, York had no rights under the law. His master, William Clark decided to bring him along on an expedition. The purpose of the expedition was to explore the unmapped West � from the Missouri River all the way to the Pacific Ocean. York proved himself to be a valuable person on this expedition. In his journal, Clark wrote many examples of how York was helpful such as swimming to the sand bar to gather greens and helping Sergeant Charles Floyd when he became ill. On page 426, the author writes that in spite of frostbitten feet, York and the others were able to kill a deer and eight bison. He also had a good relationship with the various Indian tribes they encountered. The Indians called York, �big medicine� and �Black Indian� because of his black skin and his friendly nature. Later, when food was scarce, he was able to trade successfully with the Nez Perce, which kept the explorers from starving. With the others, York endured hardships crossing the terrain and extreme weather conditions. According to the author, on page 432, when York and Sacajawea were allowed to vote on the location of the fort, it showed how the others respected them. Through all of these actions York proved to be a valuable person on the trip. After all, if it weren't for York they might not ever have been successful. Additional Tasks Research various survival techniques for facing the challenges of being lost in the wilderness. With a partner, create a poster on which you include techniques and strategies, as well as a list of items that would be useful in a survival kit. Then, present your poster to the class. Answer: The poster can include, but not be limited to: TO SURVIVE IN THE WILDERNESS -1) Don�t panic! 2) Stand still and look around you. 3) If safe, stop and build a shelter there. 4) Signal your location by making noise. 5) Find a source of water. SURVIVAL KIT � first aid manual, sterile gauze pads, adhesive tape, soap, antibiotic ointment, bottled water, sharp scissors, cold pack Note to Teacher A possible Focus Question to help guide text dependent questions might be: What was York�s role in the Corps of Discovery? In the journal entries, certain words are not spelled as we spell them today. To avoid confusion, go over those words with your students, such as: page 425 servent � servant; geather �gather; page 426 wer � were; examind � examined In some of the journal entries there are capitalization and grammatical mistakes that should be pointed out to the students. 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