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Title: �Old Man� (Poem 1/3 from collection 5)
Suggested Time: 1 day (45 minutes per day)
Common Core ELA Standards: RL.8.1, RL.8.2, RL.8.4; W.8.1, W.8.4, W.8.9; SL.8.1; L.8.1, L.8.2, L.8.4,
Teacher Instructions
Preparing for Teaching
Read the Big Ideas and Key Understandings and the Synopsis. Please do not read this to the students. This is a description for teachers about the big ideas and key understanding that students should take away after completing this task.
Big Ideas and Key Understandings
A person�s past makes them who they are. An individual bears a responsibility to preserve their family�s culture and traditions.
Synopsis
The speaker in �Old Man� shows deep respect for his grandfather by noting that the old man�s qualities live on in himself, and that the information he learned from his grandfather about their family history will remain important in his life. . People carry a responsibility to preserve their family�s culture, traditions, and history.
Read the entire selection, keeping in mind the Big Ideas and Key Understandings.
Re-read the text while noting the stopping points for the Text Dependent Questions and teaching Tier II/academic vocabulary.
During Teaching
Students read the entire selection independently.
Teacher reads the text aloud while students follow along or students take turns reading aloud to each other. Depending on the text length and student need, the teacher may choose to read the full text or a passage aloud. For a particularly complex text, the teacher may choose to reverse the order of steps 1 and 2.
Students and teacher re-read the text while stopping to respond to and discuss the questions, continually returning to the text. A variety of methods can be used to structure the reading and discussion (i.e., whole class discussion, think-pair-share, independent written response, group work, etc.)
Text Dependent Questions
Text-dependent QuestionsEvidence-based AnswersRepetition is a device that poets use to signify something important or to create rhythm. What is the significance of the repetition of �old man� throughout the poem?" By beginning each stanza with the same two words, what is the speaker doing?By using �old man� to start each stanza, the speaker addresses his audience and brings focus to his poem�s subject.Who is the speaker? How do you know this?
The speaker is the Old Man�s grandson. This is conveyed through the speaker�s direct use of the title �grandfather� in line 9 and the conversation in stanza two about the speaker�s ancestors. We cannot assume that the poet, Ricardo Sanchez, is the speaker in the poem, because there is no direct evidence of this.
How does the author show age throughout the poem? What is the speaker�s perception of age? In the title of the poem, along with multiple lines, the man is described as �old�. In line 10, the man is described as being �wise with time�. The speaker believes that age in this poem has a positive connotation�something of endless wisdom and guidance. In line 19, the events of the man�s life are said to be of �so long ago�. And in line 44, the speaker tells of the man�s body being �gone into dust�, conveying an image of dryness to due age.In your own words, describe the appearance of the old man. Cite evidence that led you to this conclusion.The man�s face is extremely aged and weathered. He has �brown skin� that is filled with wrinkles and �rich furrows�. Yet, his eyes carry calmness �with its stoic look and resolution�. Reread the first two stanzas of the poem. What is the mood that the author is trying to create? Support your conclusion with evidence from the text.The author is trying to show that the old man�s life as a ��shepherd in Utah, Nevada� was life lived freely� and a life filled with �rich memories.� The old man�s life was fulfilling and carefree.In lines 15 and 16, when the Old Man says �you are indio, among other things,� what is he communicating to the speaker?By telling the speaker that he is �indio�, the old man is conveying his Native American heritage. However, when he continues with �among other things� he is telling the speaker that his heritage is also mixed with other backgrounds.The author ends stanza 3 in lines 34-36 by stating that ��and the mixture was rich, though often painful�� What does this tell you about the old man�s journey?Stanza 3 talks about the old man�s cultural experiences�how he is a mixture of many cultures��our blood was here�, �other of our blood came with los espanoles.� This journey of cultural influences did not come without some trial and tribulations although he understands the richness of each culture in him. A poem�s tone is the attitude that its style implies. What is the tone of the fourth and final stanza of the poem? Cite several evidences from the text to support your claim.The author is trying to create a sense on oneness with the world as he describes the old man�s death with powerful imagery.
�Old man, who knew earth by its awesome aromas and who felt the heated sweetness of chile verde by his supple touch��In line 43, the speaker describes the Old Man�s touch as �supple�. What does this word indicate and how does this contrast to the other descriptions of this character throughout the poem?Supple describes something that is bendable, young, and soft. When the speaker describes the Old Man�s fingers as �supple� he brings a sense of youthfulness to an image of a man that was previously described as aged, �wise with time�, and �gone into dust�.What senses are used throughout the poem? Cite specific examples.The speaker uses imagery based in multiple senses throughout the poem �Old Man�. Images of sight �stoic look�, touch �supple touch�, taste �heated sweetness of chile verde�, and smell �awesome aromas� are throughout the poem.Reread lines 44-48. What is the message that the speaker is trying to communicate?The speaker is trying to say that even though his grandfather is gone physically��gone into dust is your body�...his appearance upon death �stoic look and resolution� shows his that he lived a full life. The speaker understands that the old man�s life�s lessons still �lives on in a mindsoul touched you��The poem ends with the repetition of the words �Old Man.� Why do you think the author chose to end the poem this way? Support your conclusion with evidence from the text.The repetition of old man from the beginning of each stanza to the last line of the poem shows the old man�s life journey. The author intentionally wrote the last line by capitalizing �Old Man� followed by ellipsis to show the Old Man�s significance in his passing and that his legacy lives on (�). It is important for the readers to recognize that a poet can intentionally use punctuation marks and grammar rules as literary devices to communicate a purpose.
Tier II/Academic Vocabulary
These words require less time to learn
(They are concrete or describe an object/event/
process/characteristic that is familiar to students)These words require more time to learn
(They are abstract, have multiple meanings, are a part
of a word family, or are likely to appear again in future texts)Meaning can be learned from context
Line 22�respected
Line 34 - mixture
Line 13�legacy
Line 46 - realityMeaning needs to be provided
Line 4 - shepherd
Line 14�rich
Line 15 � indio
Line 39 � aroma
Line 11 - rivulet
Line 12 � furrow
Line 43 � supple
Line 45 � stoic
Line 45 � resolution
Line 47 � mindsoulCulminating Writing Task
Prompt
How does the speaker in �Old Man� convey to the reader the deep feelings he has about his grandfather�s life? How does the poet, Ricardo Cervantes, show us the speaker�s feelings about his grandfather, and his knowledge about their shared history and traditions? Cite specific examples to support your claims.
Teacher Instructions
Students identify their writing task from the prompt provided.
Students complete an evidence chart as a pre-writing activity. Teachers should guide students in gathering and using any relevant notes they compiled while reading and answering the text-dependent questions earlier. Some students will need a good deal of help gathering this evidence, especially when this process is new and/or the text is challenging!
Evidence
Quote or paraphrasePage numberElaboration / explanation of how this evidence supports ideas or argumentWhat does the repetition of the phrase �old man� mean in the poem?
Lines 1, 8,22, 36, 48
The repetition creates a songlike rhythm in which we understand the importance of the grandfather in his grandson�s life and the history he represents.
What are some of the descriptions used to show the age and wisdom of the grandfather? Lines 2, 10-14, 22, 43, 45The grandfather is described as �having brown skin, as being �wise with time,� and his face having �deep rich furrows, each one a legacy.� He is also described as �loved and respected,� having a supple touch, and a �stoic look and resolution.� In lines 15 through 36, what does the grandfather tell his grandson? Lines 15-36The grandfather tells his grandson that they are descended from Indians and also the Spanish who came and conquered the Indians. He says that this mixture �was rich, though often painful.�
What words are used to convey the grandson�s feelings about his grandfather? Lines 10, 22, 38-43, 46-47The grandson calls his grandfather �wise with time,� says he was �loved and respected,� says that he �knew earth by its awesome aromas� and by his �supple touch.� He says that his grandfather�s reality �lives on in a mindsoul touched by you.� Who is the �mindsoul� referred to in lines 47? Line 47The mindsoul probably refers to the grandson, saying that his grandfather lives on in his grandson, who is descended from him and also remembers his stories and his history.
What does the ellipsis mean at the end of the last line?
Line 48An ellipsis means, �to be continued.� The grandfather�s legacy will live on through his grandson�s memories of their shared history and culture.
Once students have completed the evidence chart, they should look back at the writing prompt in order to remind themselves what kind of response they are writing (i.e. expository, analytical, argumentative) and think about the evidence they found. (Depending on the grade level, teachers may want to review students� evidence charts in some way to ensure accuracy.) From here, students should develop a specific thesis statement. This could be done independently, with a partner, small group, or the entire class. Consider directing students to the following sites to learn more about thesis statements: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/ _thesis_statement.shtml.
Students compose a rough draft. With regard to grade level and student ability, teachers should decide how much scaffolding they will provide during this process (i.e. modeling, showing example pieces, sharing work as students go).
Students complete final draft.
Sample Answer
The speaker in �Old Man� is describing his grandfather and how his memory and the history they share is central in his life. The poet, Ricardo Cervantes, uses the repetition of the words �old man� to focus us on the importance of the grandfather�s legacy to his grandson, who remembers �nights spent so long ago amidst familial gatherings in Albuquerque.� He describes the old man as �wise with time,� and says that the deep wrinkles on his face are each a legacy of �deep rich memories of life.� Because of his grandfather, the speaker knows his heritage is both Indian and Spanish, and that this conveys a history that is both �rich, though often painful.� The stories his grandfather told him about life, and the places their family came from will live on in his grandson�s memories, �in a mind soul touched by you.� He respects his grandfather and through his memory, the history he now knows about his ancestors and his culture. The poet ends the poem with one more repetition of the words �old man�� using an ellipsis as final punctuation. This punctuation is the poet�s way of showing that the speaker understands that his grandfather�s history will live on in him, even though his body is �gone into dust.�
Unit 4/Week 4
Title: �Runagate Runagate� (Poem 2/3 from Poetry Collection 5)
Suggested Time: 2 days (45 minutes per day)
Common Core ELA Standards: RL.8.1, RL.8.2, RL.8.4; W.8.1, W.8.4, W.8.9; SL.8.1; L.8.1, L.8.2, L.8.4
Teacher Instructions
Preparing for Teaching
Read the Big Ideas and Key Understandings and the Synopsis. Please do not read this to the students. This is a description for teachers about the big ideas and key understanding that students should take away after completing this task.
Big Ideas and Key Understandings
People would endure unimaginable terror and suffering and even risk their lives to experience freedom. The deep desire to be free made hundreds of slaves risk their lives for freedom.
Synopsis
This native poem starts out with the voices of slaves, terrified as they run over rough terrain towards the �mythic North�. A master�s voice then lists his slaves, his property, asking for help in finding them. The next section portrays Harriet Tubman�s history of bringing hundreds of slaves to freedom, and the posters for her, �Wanted Dead or Alive.� In the poem, she tells slaves who lose their stamina that they must keep running or die. The poem ends with the haunting sounds of an owl hooting and the whispers of ghosts, and the muted song of a ghost train, reminding the reader of the many who lost their lives for freedom.
Read the entire selection, keeping in mind the Big Ideas and Key Understandings.
Re-read the text while noting the stopping points for the Text Dependent Questions and teaching Tier II/academic vocabulary.
During Teaching
Students read the entire selection independently.
Teacher reads the text aloud while students follow along or students take turns reading aloud to each other. Depending on the text length and student need, the teacher may choose to read the full text or a passage aloud. For a particularly complex text, the teacher may choose to reverse the order of steps 1 and 2.
Students and teacher re-read the text while stopping to respond to and discuss the questions, continually returning to the text. A variety of methods can be used to structure the reading and discussion (i.e., whole class discussion, think-pair-share, independent written response, group work, etc.)
Text Dependent Questions
Text-dependent QuestionsEvidence-based AnswersWhat point of view is being expressed in the beginning of the poem, in the two stanzas, and what is being said? (Page 720, Lines 1-20)
The escaped slaves are called Runagates. The point of view in the beginning is that of all the Runagates, who were the slaves who escaped to the north. �Many thousands rise and go, many thousands crossing over,� the poet says in lines 11-12, towards the �mythic north.� Many have cried, some have died, and some have been in chains and shackles, some have hidden in carriages or coffins, to escape the auction block and the whip lash They can see lights beckoning over the swamps, but these lights are scary and cannot be trusted. Form, in poetry, is the physical structure of the poem: the length of the lines, their rhythms, their system of rhymes and repetition. How does the poet use form to communicate his message of danger and terror?Hayden communicates the danger and terror of the slaves� flight by composing the lines 1-20 without any interruptions or punctuations. This shows the urgency of the slaves� journey to the North. In addition, Hayden structured the repetition of �Runagate� in lines 9-11 as escaping the page to resemble the flight of the slaves. Why does the poet refer to the journey to the north as �mythic� in line 13, page 720? Support your conclusion with evidence from the text.The escaped slaves, �Runagates� have a dream reaching the northern states where slavery was against the law and they could be free. But they had never really been there and had only heard of it through stories and songs �Many thousands rise and go�many thousands crossing over�, so the north was like a myth to those seeking freedom. The author made a symbolic reference to the �mythic North� as a �star-shaped yonder Bible city� further supporting its escape from slavery (South) to freedom (North)Who is speaking in lines 21-29? How does he describe the slaves? (Page 721)In this section, a slave master is speaking, asking the listener to look for his escaped slaves. He warns that they will be hard to catch and may even turn into scorpions. He is looking for a 30 year old man, and a young woman named Anna, with letters branded on her cheeks. Why does the poet say that the escaping slaves might �turn into scorpions� in line 30? What does this image mean in the poem? The poet is saying that the slaves are so desperate to be free, they will plunge into quicksand, whirlpools, mazes, or turn into scorpions. Scorpions are not defenseless; in fact, they have a poisonous sting. The slaves might be dangerous in their desperation to be free. Also, scorpions are flat and can hide well, as slaves tried to do. Reread the couplet in lines 20-21. What is the significance of these two lines? Support your answer with textual evidence.This couplets shows the heroic flight to escape the terror of slavery with the ultimate price is ones� life. However, the prize is the freedom of life. These two lines show the Runagates� state of mind--that living without freedom is living without life.What is the significance of the phrase �freedom-bound� in line 33?The hyphenated phrase of �freedom-bound� symbolizes an unbreakable seal on the Runagates� commitment to the quest of freedom, which is more precious and valued more that �bonanza gold�What does this line mean, �and this was the way of it, brethren, brethren, way we journeyed freedom Can�t to Can.� (Page 721, Line 41-43.) Why is this a turning point in the poem? The slaves are so scared in the beginning of the journey; they do not think they can make the journey. But they realize they must face the dangers and keep going. Also they must make a transition from being told what to do to realizing they can determine their own destiny. Describe the transition between part 1 and part 2 of the poem. Use text evidence to support your conclusion.Part 1 represents the communal voice of Runagates and the danger or sacrifices they have to make in order to follow the journey to freedom. �Some go weeping and some rejoicing/some in coffins and some in carriages/some in silks and some in shackles.� It speaks to the heroic effort of the �many thousands�� Then in Part 2, Hayden shifts his focus to a heroic individual, �Harriet Tubman� with her credentials stated as she is placed at the center of the Underground Railroad movement. What are some of the phrases used to describe Harriet Tubman�s appearance and character? What do they mean? (Page 721-722) Harriet Tubman is referred to as �woman of earth, whipscarred, a summoning, a shining� conveying both the fact that she had scars from having been beaten but also that she summons others to freedom and is the shining light that leads them out of darkness. She is portrayed as a larger than life figure��alias The General/alias Moses Stealer of Slaves.� What does Harriet Tubman do when she says, �hush that now?� to the folks she is leading? What does she mean when she says, �Dead folks can�t jay-bird talk, you folks keep on going now or die, she says.� (Page 722, Lines 52-53)When Harriet Tubman tells the escapees, �Hush that now� she is points her pistol at her group, telling them if they quit now, she will have to shoot. They have to keep going or she will have to shoot them because if caught, they will be forced to tell the slave catchers about the Underground Railroad and the details that would endanger others. Jay birds talk, and she is saying they will talk too. This is the moment they must choose freedom or die. Garrison, Douglass, Thoreau, John Brown were all noted abolitionists, who helped to free slaves. What is the poet saying by including Harriet Tubman with them? (Page 722, Lines 56- 58)These famous abolitionists were all famous men. The poet is saying that Harriet Tubman, who was once a slave herself, was equal to them in her bravery and her achievement of leading so many to freedom. Paraphrase the lines 67-73, by explaining what the �train� symbolizes. Where does the train start, where it is going, and why?
What are �caves of the wish?� (Line 69.)The train is the symbol of the network of the Underground Railroad, where conductors helped runaway slaves hide in safe houses by day and run by night. They had to run through the swamps and savannahs, over dew, through caves. The mercy in the lines is the kindness of strangers who took in slaves. The hallelujah is the end point, achieving freedom in the north. The poet invites us to ride too, and repeats that above all he means to be free. �Caves of the wish� symbolize the wish for freedom, and wish to reach the north.
Tier II/Academic Vocabulary
These words require less time to learn
(They are concrete or describe an object/event/
process/characteristic that is familiar to students)These words require more time to learn
(They are abstract, have multiple meanings, are a part
of a word family, or are likely to appear again in future texts)Meaning can be learned from contextLine 2�terror
Line 3�pursuing
Line 24 � branded
Line 28 - quicksand
Line 28 - whirlpools
Line 28- mazes
Line 32� north star
Line 54 - alias
Line 68 - movering
Lime 20 � beckoning
Line 25�subscriber
Line 28 - plunge
Line 33 - bound
Line 40 � summoning
Line 50- leveled
Meaning needs to be provided
Line 15 � weeping
Line 15 � weeping
Line 15 � rejoicing
Line 17 shackles
Line 19�auction
Line 27 - dart
Line 32 � bonanza gold
Line 3 - thicketed
Line 13�mythic
Line 42 - brethren
Line 52 � jay-bird talk
Culminating Writing Task
Prompt
How does Robert Hayden convey the desperation of the Runagates as they journey by night towards the �mythic north?� How do the structure, voices and imagery make this poem so vivid? What does this poem say about the quest for freedom and what people are willing to risk to be free?
Teacher Instructions
Students identify their writing task from the prompt provided.
Students complete an evidence chart as a pre-writing activity. Teachers should guide students in gathering and using any relevant notes they compiled while reading and answering the text-dependent questions earlier. Some students will need a good deal of help gathering this evidence, especially when this process is new and/or the text is challenging!
Evidence
Quote or paraphrasePage numberElaboration / explanation of how this evidence supports ideas or argumentRuns falls rises stumbles on from darkness into darkness/and the darkness thicketed with shapes of terror/and the hunters pursuing and the hounds pursuing/ and the night cold and the night long and the river/to cross and the jack-muh-lanterns beckoning beckoning/and blackness ahead and when shall I reach that somewhere/ morning and keep on going and never turn back and keep/ on going/ Runagate/Runagate/ Runagate
Page 720,
lines 1-9
These lines are a description of escaped slaves running in the dark from their plantation where they were enslaved. Slave catchers have sent hound dogs to track them, and hunters are hunting them as well. (Rewards were offered for catching slaves.) These escapees are terrified, must cross a river, and are in the dark except they can see shifting lights over the marsh at night.
The word runagate means an escaped slave. The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses which escapees would run to by night.
some go weeping and some rejoicing/some in coffins and some in carriages/ some in silks and some in shacklesPage 721
Lines 15--17These lines refer to some of the ways slaves escaped. Some actually were hidden in carriages or coffins. Shackles means chains or metal restraints used to hold prisoners. Slaves were kept in shackles when being transported. Some may have escaped by being shackled. If you see my Pompey, 30 years of age/new breeches, plain stockings/negro shoes:/ if you see my Anna, likely young mulatto/ branded E and right cheek, R on the left,/ catch them if you can and notify subscriber./ Catch them if you can, but it won�t be easy./ They�ll dart underground when you try to catch them/ plunge into quicksand, whirlpools, mazes,/ turn into scorpions when you try to catch them. Page 721, Lines 21-29 Now a slave master�s voice is speaking. He is asking the listener to watch for his escaped slaves and to notify him if they are found. One is a man, Pompey, he calls him �my� Pompey and tells how he is dressed. He feels that these escaped slaves are his property and not really people. When he talks about the woman or girl, he calls her a likely young mulatto, which means her heritage is mixed race. She has brands on each cheek on her face, and these initials might stand for the slave master�s names.
The slave master says that slaves will not be easy to catch, that they will plunge into quicksand, whirlpools, mazes. In other words, they will hide anywhere in their desperation to be free.
He says they may even turn into scorpions, which could mean that they can hide well, but also that they are not harmless. Scorpions can sting their captors. And this was the way of it, brethren, brethren,/way we journeyed from Can�t to Can. Page 721
Lines 42-43This is like a preachers voice calling his followers brethren, which means brothers. He is saying that this is how the escaping slaves reached the moment when they knew they could keep going even though the journey was scary and incredibly hard. He also might be saying that in the history of civil rights, black people had to go from feeling that the dream was impossible to saying that it could be attained.
And fear starts a-murbling, Never make it,/ we�ll never make it. Hush that now,/and she�s turned upon us, leveled pistol/ glinting in the moonlight:/ Dead folks can�t jaybird-talk, she says; / You keep on going now or die, she says.� Page 722
Lines 48-53Escaped slaves are terrified in the night, and their fear is bubbling up in them (a-murbling.) Harriet Tubman is their conductor, that is, she is leading them to the north. She points her pistol at them and tells them to be quiet. She says that they cannot stop now because she cannot risk them tattling to the authorities about the Underground Railroad, like the jaybird. So they must keep running or be shot to protect other escaping slaves. Armed and known to be dangerous/ Wanted Reward Dead or Alive/Page 722
Lines 58-59These lines refer to the wanted posters that were posted for Harriet Tubman, because she was known to have brought many escaped slaves to the north. Hoot-owl calling in the ghosted air,/ five times calling to the hants in the air./ Page 722
Lines 62-63An owl is calling five times to the ghosts in the air. Many escaped slaves died on the run. If they were caught, they could be killed. This section refers to the ghosts or spirits of the many who died trying to reach freedom. Come ride-a my train/ Mean mean mean to be free.722
Lines 72-73These lines end the poem with an invitation for the reader to ride the train to freedom. No matter how hard it may be, the voice here says that above all this person intends to be free. The human spirit strives to be free no matter the cost.
Once students have completed the evidence chart, they should look back at the writing prompt in order to remind themselves what kind of response they are writing (i.e. expository, analytical, argumentative) and think about the evidence they found. (Depending on the grade level, teachers may want to review students� evidence charts in some way to ensure accuracy.) From here, students should develop a specific thesis statement. This could be done independently, with a partner, small group, or the entire class. Consider directing students to the following sites to learn more about thesis statements: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/ OR http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/ thesis_statement.shtml.
Students compose a rough draft. With regard to grade level and student ability, teachers should decide how much scaffolding they will provide during this process (i.e. modeling, showing example pieces, sharing work as students go).
Students complete final draft.
Sample Answer
The poem �Runagate, Runagate,� by Robert Hayden, portrays scenes of escaping slaves from the Underground Railroad, the network which helped escapees follow the north star to the �mythic north� to freedom. The first section is a dramatic scene of terrified runaways as they try to follow a trail across a river through darkness. In this section, repetition of the word darkness, and the lines �darkness thicketed with shapes of terror�, set a mood of fear. The fear of being caught is evoked by images of �hunters pursuing and hounds pursuing.� The next section is the voice of a slave owner who gives a description of his escaped slaves so they can be recognized and caught. The way the owner refers to �my Pompey� and his initials branded on the young woman�s cheeks makes it clear that these are not people to him but property. The brands and the shackles are symbols of bondage. Harriet Tubman is evoked in the next section. She is described as �Woman of earth, whipscarred,/ a summoning, a shining,� beckoning and shining in the darkness to lead slaves to freedom. In a dramatic stanza she tells her travelers to �Hush that now� when they are whimpering or �a-murbling� with fear. She tells them they must go forward or be shot, because she cannot risk that they will be forced to tell of her escape routes if they return to slavery. The last voice is a slave�s again, saying �Come ride-a my train, mean mean mean to be free.� The voices of the escaped slaves are still whispering, the poet is saying. The powerful human urge to attain freedom overpowers fear and danger. It is a need stronger than fear.
Additional Tasks
There are many hymns, protest songs, and spirituals referenced in the poem Runagate Runagate by Robert Hayden. Research the songs listed in the lines below and write a paragraph about why the poet chose to include them in his poem. What was the importance of song in the Underground Railroad movement?
Lines 19-20 No more auction block for me/no more driver�s lash for me
Lines 30-31 And before I�ll be a slave/I�ll be buried in my grave
Lines 33-34 I�m bound for the freedom, freedom-bound / and of Susyanna don�t you cry for me
Lines 70-71 Midnight special on a sabre track movering, movering/ first stop Mercy and the last Hallelujah
Sample:
Robert Hayden�s poem �Runagate Runagate� is a montage of voices including lines of songs. In Lines 19-20 No more auction block for me/mo more driver�s lash for me, an old song called �No More Auction Block for Me� is quoted. This song was a song of the Civil War, sung by black soldiers, who left slavery behind by joining the army, and in fact were fighting to free all slaves. When the protest song �Oh Freedom� by the singer Odetta is referenced the lines 30-31 � And before I�ll be a slave/I�ll be buried in my grave, � the poet is saying that the urge for freedom overcomes fear of danger and death. Escaping slaves faced danger and many died, but still they chose the pursuit of freedom. Two songs appear in lines 32-34. �Oh Susanna�, an old American banjo tune, was actually rewritten to become �Song of the Free.� The words �Midnight Special� in line 70 refer to a train, specifically a train referenced in the traditional folk song, �Midnight Special,� which was a song, which originated among prisoners in the south. This image adds another image of the train which throughout the poem symbolizes escape to the north, to freedom. The word �movering in line 70 references an old spiritual called �Old Ark�s A-Movering,� the refrain of which is, �The old ark�s a-movering and I�m going home.� In those songs, going home can mean going to heaven, which is the only way some slaves ever escaped slavery. But during the days of the Underground Railroad, songs were used as a means to escape. Sometimes information about where to go or who to meet was contained in a song that had been rewritten. Songs were also used for encouragement. And the freedom that once had only meant heaven also meant actual freedom in the north.
Additional Task:
Research the Underground Railroad. Then write a paragraph about the subject. What was it and why was it important? Who were some of the historic figures involved?
For additional resources, go to PearsonSuccessNet.com and under Resources, choose infoplease.com for an online encyclopedia.
Note to Teacher
Consider teaching the words montage, evoke, portray, and convey.
Consider teaching the meaning of the word references and referencing if students are not familiar with the term.
You may wish to point out that several songs are referenced in the poem.
�No More Auction Block for Me,� quoted in lines 19-20, was composed as a marching song for black soldiers during the Civil War.
�Oh Susanna�, an old American banjo tune, was rewritten to become �Song of the Free.� Both appear in lines 32-34.
The song �Oh Freedom�, by Odetta, is quoted in lines 30-31.
The word �movering� in line 68 is from a spiritual called �Old Ark�s A-Movering,� the refrain of which is, �The old ark�s a-movering and I�m going home.�
The words �Midnight Special� in line 70 refer to a train, specifically a train referenced in the traditional folk song, �Midnight Special,� which was a song which originated among prisoners in the south.
The names in lines 60-61 are biblical references; Ezekiel was a Hebrew prophet of the 6th century and Jehovah is another word for �God.� The lines �Tell me, Ezekial, oh tell me do you see/mailed Jehovah coming to deliver me?� may be a reference to several people who were �mailed� to the north in order to escape slavery. One ex-slave spent over 24 hours in a wooden crate and was shipped on a train to the north where he then lived his life in freedom.
Unit 4/Week 4
Title: �Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind� (Poem 3/3 from collection 5)
Suggested Time: 2 days (45 minutes per day)
Common Core ELA Standards: RL.8.1, RL.8.2, RL.8.4; W.8.1, W.8.4, W.8.9; SL.8.1; L.8.1, L.8.2, L.8.4
Teacher Instructions
Preparing for Teaching
Read the Big Ideas and Key Understandings and the Synopsis. Please do not read this to the students. This is a description for teachers about the big ideas and key understanding that students should take away after completing this task.
Big Ideas and Key Understandings
In the poem �Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind,� the poet compares the harshness of winter weather to the harshness of people�s treatment of each other, and finds that the worst weather is not worse than being subjected to man�s falseness and ingratitude.
Synopsis
This song is song to the duke in exile, because his brother usurped his position, in the play �As You Like it.� The poem is comparing a harsh winter wind, and the cold, to being treated badly because of man�s ingratitude and insincerity. The refrain sounds cheerful, but is saying that friendship is false and love is foolish.
Read the entire selection, keeping in mind the Big Ideas and Key Understandings.
Re-read the text while noting the stopping points for the Text Dependent Questions and teaching Tier II/academic vocabulary.
During Teaching
Students read the entire selection independently.
Teacher reads the text aloud while students follow along or students take turns reading aloud to each other. Depending on the text length and student need, the teacher may choose to read the full text or a passage aloud. For a particularly complex text, the teacher may choose to reverse the order of steps 1 and 2.
Students and teacher re-read the text while stopping to respond to and discuss the questions, continually returning to the text. A variety of methods can be used to structure the reading and discussion (i.e., whole class discussion, think-pair-share, independent written response, group work, etc.)
Text Dependent Questions
Text-dependent QuestionsEvidence-based AnswersThis poem is addressing something directly? What? (Page 723, line 1)The speaker is addressing the winter wind directly What two things are being compared in this poem? How does Shakespeare compare these two things? Cite textual evidence. (Page 723, Lines 1-6) The winter wind is being compared to people�s ingratitude. Although the winter wind is cruel; it is ��not so unkind/As man�s ingratitude.� Man�s unfaithfulness and lack of appreciation is much crueler than the winter wind.
When the poet says, �Thy tooth is not so keen, Because thou art not seen, although thy breath be rude,� what does he mean? (Page 723, line 4-6) The wind is not as sharp because it is invisible, unlike man�s cruelty to another person, even though the wind is forceful and rough. How does the tone in lines 7-10 differ from lines 1-6? What is Shakespeare trying to communicate in these linesLines 7-10 to are the refrain of the poem: �Most Friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly, Then, heigh-ho, the holly! This life is most jolly!� The speaker is saying that most friendship is false, and love is foolishness, so we might as well sing and be cheerful, even though really, we are incredibly depressed by this thought. (Page 723, Lines 7-10)
How does the speaker feel about friendship compared to the winter wind? Cite examples of his feelings from the poem. (Pages 723-724, all lines) The speaker feels that friends forget what you do for them. He says that the wind is not as bad as this in the line �Thou dost not bite so nigh as benefits forgot.� He also says that the wind does not hurt as much as a friend that forgets what you have done, as he says in the line, �Thou art not so unkind as man�s ingratitude.� What is being personified in this poem and how? (Pages 723-724) The winter wind is being personified. It has breath, like a person, and it can bite, like an animal or human.
Tier II/Academic Vocabulary
These words require less time to learn
(They are concrete or describe an object/event/
process/characteristic that is familiar to students)These words require more time to learn
(They are abstract, have multiple meanings, are a part
of a word family, or are likely to appear again in future texts)Meaning can be learned from context
Line 13�benefits
Line 3�ingratitude
Line 5�art
Line 8�feigning
Line 8�mere
Line 8�folly
Line 12�dost
Line 12�nigh Meaning needs to be provided
Line 4�keen
Line 6�rude
Line 9�holly
Line 10--jolly
Line 11�bitter
Line 14�warp
Culminating Writing Task
Prompt
Shakespeare�s poem, �Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind,� uses some archaic language to express its sentiment. What two things are being compared? What details does the speaker use to defend his argument? Does the message reach today�s reader clearly in spite of the archaic language?
Teacher Instructions
Students identify their writing task from the prompt provided.
Students complete an evidence chart as a pre-writing activity. Teachers should guide students in gathering and using any relevant notes they compiled while reading and answering the text-dependent questions earlier. Some students will need a good deal of help gathering this evidence, especially when this process is new and/or the text is challenging!
Evidence
Quote or paraphrasePage numberElaboration / explanation of how this evidence supports ideas or argumentThou art not so unkind as man�s ingratitude.
Lines 2-3 The speaker is addressing the wind, saying that it is not as cruel as a person who does not appreciate what was done for him.
Thy tooth is not so keen, / Because thy art not seen, / although thy breath be rude.�
Lines 4-6 The sharpness of the wind is not as painful as a person�s ingratitude, because it is not seen, even though the wind is forceful.
Freeze, freeze thou bitter sky./ That dost not bite so nigh/ As benefits forgot.
Lines 11-13Go ahead a freeze sky, the wind�s cold blast does not hurt as much as when a friend forgets how you helped them.
Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly.
Lines 8-9 Most friendship is false, and most love is foolish.
Thy sting is not so sharp /As friend remembered not.
Lines 16-16The pain of a forceful wind is not as painful as a friend who is not loyal.
Once students have completed the evidence chart, they should look back at the writing prompt in order to remind themselves what kind of response they are writing (i.e. expository, analytical, argumentative) and think about the evidence they found. (Depending on the grade level, teachers may want to review students� evidence charts in some way to ensure accuracy.) From here, students should develop a specific thesis statement. This could be done independently, with a partner, small group, or the entire class. Consider directing students to the following sites to learn more about thesis statements: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/ OR http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/ thesis_statement.shtml.
Students compose a rough draft. With regard to grade level and student ability, teachers should decide how much scaffolding they will provide during this process (i.e. modeling, showing example pieces, sharing work as students go).
Students complete final draft.
Sample Answer
In Shakespeare�s poem, �Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind,� the speaker is comparing the harsh winter weather to human relationships. The speaker is addressing the winter wind. He is saying that the �tooth� of the winter wind is not as sharp, or �keen�, as the ingratitude of man. The refrain is a song, which sounds cheerful, as it repeats, �Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly, the heigh ho, the holly! Life is most jolly.� The speaker is actually saying the most depressing things we can imagine, that friendship is false, that lost love is sheer foolishness, and therefore, we might as well sing, because life is simply a joke. He argues that the winter wind does not bite as closely to one�s heart as the pain of a friend who forgets how you helped him. Nor is the sting of hail or sleet as bad as the sting of a friend who ignores you, as he says in the lines, �Though thou the waters warp, thy sting is not so sharp as friend remembered not. In spite of the archaic language, many readers today could really relate to this message. Teens in particular know the pain of shifting loyalties in friendships and feel often the pain that comes from being treated poorly by a former friend. Shakespeare�s words still speak to us today.
Additional Tasks
Compare the poem, �Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind,� to �The Sky is Low, the Clouds Are Mean,� on page 686, by Emily Dickinson. What is similar about these poems? Do these poems appeal to the reader in a similar manner?
Answer: Both these poems use weather as metaphors for human behavior. Shakespeare�s wind has breath, teeth, and stings. Emily Dickinson�s �narrow wind,� which �complains all day how someone treated him,� is echoing the message of Shakespeare�s speaker, who resents how he has been treated. Shakespeare�s poem compares the winter wind to human behavior, and says that human behavior is much worse than the harshest weather. Emily Dickinson sums it up by saying that nature is sometimes caught, like us, without her diadem, or crown. In other words, nature does not always behave in a queenly manner, and neither do people. Shakespeare�s assessment of human nature is harsher, saying that �most friendship is feigning, most loving is mere folly.� He is completely writing off human nature as selfish and false. Emily Dickinson�s assessment is less harsh, but reminiscent of this poem, which she almost certainly had read in her lifetime.
Prentice Hall Pearson Literature - 2010 Grade 8
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